TEMPORARY ANCHORAGE DEVICES IN ORTHODONTICS: A SCOPING REVIEW OF CLINICAL APPLICATIONS, DIGITAL WORKFLOW, AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN TREATMENT PLANNING
Abstract
Background: Temporary anchorage devices (TADs) have transformed orthodontic treatment by providing reliable skeletal anchorage for complex tooth movements while reducing dependence on patient compliance. In recent years, advances in cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), intraoral scanning, three-dimensional (3D) imaging, and artificial intelligence (AI) have introduced new possibilities for individualized TAD planning, improving insertion accuracy and biomechanical efficiency. Despite these developments, the available evidence remains scattered across different areas of orthodontic research. Objective: This scoping review aimed to map the current evidence on the clinical applications of TADs, summarize factors influencing their success, and explore the emerging role of digital technologies and AI-assisted planning in optimizing orthodontic treatment. Methods: A scoping review was conducted according to the PRISMA-ScR guidelines and JBI methodology. Electronic searches were performed in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and Google Scholar for studies published between 2015 and 2026. Clinical studies, randomized trials, observational studies, systematic reviews, and relevant reports evaluating orthodontic TADs, digital workflows, or AI-assisted planning were included. Results: The mapped evidence demonstrated that TADs provide predictable skeletal anchorage for space closure, molar distalization, intrusion, extrusion, open-bite correction, and management of complex malocclusions. Clinical success is influenced by anatomical site, cortical bone thickness, insertion technique, primary stability, loading protocol, and oral hygiene. Recent evidence indicates that AI-based image analysis, CBCT segmentation, automated anatomical landmark detection, and digital treatment planning may improve TAD positioning, reduce the risk of root injury, and support personalized biomechanical planning. However, clinical validation of AI-assisted systems remains limited. Conclusions: Temporary anchorage devices remain an essential component of contemporary orthodontics, while digital technologies and artificial intelligence are expanding their clinical potential through more precise and individualized treatment planning. Future prospective studies should focus on validating AI-assisted planning systems and integrating them into routine orthodontic practice.