Relationality must be at the heart of climate adaptation evaluation: insights from urban nature-based solutions

Abstract

Drawing on five urban nature-based solutions being implemented across the world, we show how relationships influence adaptation processes and outcomes. Relationality is not abstract or peripheral but a concrete enabling condition for successful climate adaptation. Relationships emerge, evolve, and dissolve over time, shaping adaptation processes accordingly. We propose an agenda for evaluating relationships as core signals of adaptation success.