A Cross-Sectional Study on Detection of Chronic Kidney Disease and Bone Mineral Density Status in At-Risk Patients

Abstract

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is commonly attributed to diabetes and hypertension and induces bone mineral density (BMD) losses, resulting in health implications. Objective: To detect CKD in patients with diabetes and/or hypertension and to evaluate their BMD of the lumbar spine and femoral regions, and total alkaline phosphatase (T-ALP). Methods: In a repeated cross-sectional screening with confirmatory testing, we identified CKD patients by testing albuminuria and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). We measured body mass index, BMD of the lumbar spine and femoral regions, and T-ALP, and analyzed the data using Tukey–Kramer, Chi2, Kruskal–Wallis tests, Spearman correlation, and ANCOVA with adjusted variables. Results: We identified 54 newly detected at-risk CKD and CKD patients: 34 in the at-risk/early stages, 19 in the intermediate stage, and 1 in the advanced stage, plus 28 previously diagnosed patients, bringing the advanced-stage group to 29. The BMDs of femoral regions in CKD patients were significantly higher (p = 0.001) in the at-risk/early and intermediate stages than in the advanced stage for the femoral neck, although 50% and 69% in the at-risk/early and intermediate stages presented bone loss. There were low negative correlations between T-ALP and femoral BMD. Conclusions: We detected CKD or its risk in 54/104 patients with diabetes and/or hypertension, and their BMD was more affected in advanced stages than in at-risk/early and intermediate ones; years of suffering from diabetes and hypertension were factors for the development of intermediate- and advanced-stage CKD. Diagnosis and treatment of CKD in at-risk patients should help prevent comorbidities.