Histological and Biochemical Alterations in Renal Tissue Following Organophosphate Insecticide Exposure in Albino Rats

Abstract

Background: Organophosphate (OP) insecticides are widely used agrochemicals with well-established neurotoxicity, yet their nephrotoxic effects remain insufficiently characterised.Objective: This study evaluated histopathological and biochemical changes in the kidneys of albino rats following short- and long-term exposure to OP insecticides.Methods: Twelve adult albino rats were divided into three groups (n=4): control, 14-day exposure, and 30-day exposure to dimethoate (12 mg/kg). Biochemical parameters (urea, creatinine, electrolytes) were analysed, and renal tissues were examined histologically using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA (p<0.05).Results: A significant elevation in serum creatinine was observed in the 14-day exposure group (p<0.05), whereas urea levels showed a non-linear response. Electrolytes exhibited mild fluctuations, with marked reduction in bicarbonate levels in long-term exposure. Body weight decreased in exposed groups. Histologically, renal tissues demonstrated features suggestive of tubular degeneration and glomerular alterations.Conclusion: Organophosphate exposure induces measurable nephrotoxicity, with acute exposure exerting more pronounced biochemical disruption, while chronic exposure affects electrolyte balance and acid–base homeostasis.