Fear and refuge effects in a three-species predator–prey–competitor model: insights from the Yellowstone wolf–elk–bison system Soumya Das Chandrima Talapatra S. Roy Suvankar Biswas Sep 2026 · Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computation · Vol 72 · 0 citations · 49 references DOI Semantic Scholar Save View source Cite { copied='apa'; setTimeout(() => { copied=null; open=false }, 1000) })" class="flex w-full items-center justify-between rounded-lg px-3 py-2 text-left text-sm hover:bg-gray-100 dark:hover:bg-ink-800"> Copy APA Copied ✓ { copied='mla'; setTimeout(() => { copied=null; open=false }, 1000) })" class="flex w-full items-center justify-between rounded-lg px-3 py-2 text-left text-sm hover:bg-gray-100 dark:hover:bg-ink-800"> Copy MLA Copied ✓ { copied='bibtex'; setTimeout(() => { copied=null; open=false }, 1000) })" class="flex w-full items-center justify-between rounded-lg px-3 py-2 text-left text-sm hover:bg-gray-100 dark:hover:bg-ink-800"> Copy BibTeX Copied ✓ Share