Maternal Age, Pregnancy Trimester, and Weight Gain as Determinants of Sleep Quality In Expectant Mothers

Abstract

Sleep disturbances are common complaints among pregnant women and may adversely affect both physical and psychological health during pregnancy. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between maternal age, pregnancy trimester, and gestational weight gain with sleep quality in pregnant women. A quantitative study with a cross-sectional approach was conducted involving 98 pregnant women selected through purposive sampling at Ibrahim Adjie Community Health Center, Bandung. Data were collected using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire and analyzed using univariate and bivariate methods. Results showed that 60% of respondents experienced poor sleep quality. A higher proportion of poor sleep quality was found among mothers aged >35 years (68.4%), those in the third trimester (73.3%), and those with weight gain not aligned with recommendations (68.5%). Analysis revealed that these maternal characteristics significantly contributed to decreased sleep quality. Discussion indicates that physiological and psychological changes related to advancing maternal age, pregnancy progression, and inappropriate weight gain patterns play a role in sleep disturbances. Poor sleep may increase the risk of complications such as gestational hypertension, gestational diabetes, and postpartum depression. Therefore, healthcare providers are encouraged to incorporate sleep quality assessments into routine antenatal care and provide education on healthy sleep management and appropriate weight monitoring. Early intervention is essential to improve maternal comfort during pregnancy and minimize risks to both mother and fetus.