Role of Genetically Engineered Microbes in Wastewater Treatment

Abstract

The rapid expansion of industrial, urban, and agricultural activities has led to the continuous release of complex and persistent pollutants into aquatic ecosystems, posing significant risks to environmental sustainability and human health. Conventional wastewater treatment technologies, while widely implemented, are often constrained by high energy requirements, operational costs, incomplete removal of recalcitrant contaminants, and the generation of secondary pollutants. In recent years, genetically engineered microorganisms (GEMs) have gained considerable attention as an advanced biological approach for wastewater treatment due to their enhanced metabolic versatility and environmental compatibility. Through targeted genetic modifications, GEMs demonstrate improved capabilities for the degradation of organic pollutants, nutrient removal, heavy metal detoxification, and elimination of emerging contaminants such as pharmaceuticals and endocrine-disrupting compounds. This review critically evaluates the role of genetically engineered bacteria, fungi, and algae in wastewater treatment, focusing on their underlying mechanisms of action and application across domestic, industrial, and agricultural wastewater systems. The environmental benefits of GEM-based treatment, including reduced energy demand and improved treatment efficiency, are highlighted alongside key challenges related to biosafety, ecological risks, regulatory frameworks, and public acceptance. Recent advances in synthetic biology, genetic containment strategies, and system integration are discussed to assess future research directions and large-scale implementation potential. Overall, genetically engineered microorganisms represent a promising and sustainable solution for addressing the growing complexity of wastewater pollution when supported by robust regulatory oversight and biosafety measures.