The Changing Landscape of Occupational Health and Safety in Mining: Challenges Posed by Emerging Technologies

Abstract

The mining industry is experiencing a profound transformation, moving from Automated Mines (Mining 3.0) to Intelligent Mining (Mining 4.0) and the emerging Cyber-Physical-Social Systems of Mining 5.0. While these technologies promise higher productivity, they fundamentally reshape Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) paradigms. This study examines emerging risks, both new hazards and familiar risks appearing in novel contexts, associated with complex human–technology interactions.A dual-phase approach was used. First, a systematic literature review following the PRISMA Statement synthesized 32 high-impact studies from Scopus, IEEEXplore, and PubMed to explore OHS implications and global technological trends, including Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and autonomous vehicles. Second, an empirical study employed a targeted questionnaire for managers and executives at digitally transforming mining sites, assessing smart technology adoption (e.g., collaborative robotics, big data) and perceived impacts on risk management.Findings reveal that while digital strategies are established, critical gaps remain in addressing “soft” OHS factors such as mental health and organizational risks. Traditional physical hazards are mitigated through teleoperation and Proximity Warning Systems, yet new risks are emerging, including cognitive overload, stress from constant monitoring, and cybersecurity vulnerabilities. These results emphasize the need for human-centered OHS frameworks that address psychosocial and cognitive demands in Mining 4.0 and 5.0. By linking technological trends with practical managerial insights, this study offers guidance for achieving a safer, sustainable digital transformation in the mining sector.