A multifunctional Bletilla Striata polysaccharide-based Bsp/GA-rGO electroactive composite sponge accelerates wound healing by modulating the microenvironment.

Abstract

Wound healing involves four overlapping stages, yet traditional single-function dressings often fail to address the multiple challenges of repair simultaneously. Although electroactive dressings can regulate cellular behavior, natural alternatives to synthetic conductive polymers are needed. This study aimed to develop a multifunctional composite sponge based on Bletilla striata polysaccharide (Bsp) and gallic acid-reduced graphene oxide (GA-rGO). The sponge was fabricated by a mixing and freeze-drying process, yielding a highly porous structure with adequate mechanical properties. Combining the self-assembling and anti-inflammatory properties of Bsp with the conductivity and antibacterial activity of GA-rGO, it rapidly forms a hydrogel upon contact with exudate. In vitro, the sponge promoted fibroblast proliferation and migration, showed strong antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus, and high biocompatibility. In a rat full-thickness wound model, the Bsp/GA-rGO-0.08 sponge accelerated wound closure by 12%, increased collagen deposition by 29%, decreased IL-6, and transiently upregulated TGF-β, FGFR1, and CD31 neovascularization. Western blotting confirmed JAK2-STAT3 activation, and pharmacological inhibition with TG101209 partially attenuated these effects, suggesting a partial role of the JAK2-STAT3 pathway in the observed healing. This natural polysaccharide sponge integrates moisture absorption, antibacterial activity, conductivity, and healing promotion, offering a promising strategy for wound management.