Comprehensive Study of the Phytochemistry, Bioactivities, and Green Nanoparticle Synthesis Using Calotropis gigantea Latex

Abstract

The present study investigates the phytochemical composition and pharmacological potential of Calotropis gigantea latex, a traditionally used medicinal plant. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of bioactive constituents such as flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, steroids, and carbohydrates, which have been associated with diverse biological activities. Functional assays demonstrated appreciable in vitro anti-inflammatory activity through human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization and protein denaturation inhibition, and anticoagulant activity via prolonged clotting time. Antioxidant activity assessed using hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay showed concentration-dependent H2O2 scavenging activity. Furthermore, the latex exhibited antimicrobial and antifungal activities against standard bacterial and fungal strains, indicating its broad-spectrum antimicrobial potential. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (L-AgNPs) using the plant latex was also successfully achieved, and the resulting preparation was evaluated for antimicrobial activity. These findings provide preliminary experimental support for the reported biological potential of C. gigantea latex and providing a basis for further investigation of its biological and nanotechnological applications.