The role of microglia in radiation-induced changes in the brain: from neuroprotection to neuroinflammation. Review
TL;DR
This review systematizes data on the morphological, molecular, biochemical, and physiological processes occurring in microglia under exposure to various radiation doses and presents data on microglial functioning associated with the long-term effects of different radiation doses and the impact of irradiation on cognitive functions.
Abstract
Microglial cells account for 5% to 13% of the total cell population in the central nervous system (CNS). In the mature CNS, microglia are capable of self-renewal and can rapidly proliferate in response to injury. A primary function of microglial cells is the initiation and maintenance of the immune response, alongside key roles in inducing inflammation, maintaining brain homeostasis, and regulating neuronal networks. The diverse functions of microglia include the control of neurogenesis and synaptic pruning, as well as providing trophic support to neurons. This review systematizes data on the morphological, molecular-biochemical, and physiological changes in microglia following exposure to ionizing radiation, considering the dose and quality of the radiation. It examines the specific morphological, molecular, biochemical, and physiological processes occurring in microglia under exposure to various radiation doses. Additionally, the review presents data on microglial functioning associated with the long-term effects of different radiation doses and the impact of irradiation on cognitive functions.