Universal Drude Weights in One-dimensional Repulsive Fermi Gas

Abstract

Building on the Bethe ansatz and generalized hydrodynamics, we rigorously establish universal relations between Drude weights governing charge, spin, and energy transport and thermodynamic properties for the one-dimensional repulsive two-component continuum Fermi gas - the paradigmatic integrable Yang-Gaudin model. We analytically derive thermodynamic expressions for charge Drude weights: $D_{nn}$, $D_{nm}$, $D_{ne}$ (responses of particle, magnetization and energy currents to a chemical potential gradient) equal the particle density, magnetization, and temperature times entropy density, respectively. These relations constitute a hallmark of ballistic transport, and can be generalized to other 1D continuum integrable systems. Furthermore, we investigate spin Drude weight ($D_{mm}$, $D_{me}$) at zero and low temperatures. They characterize the magnetization and energy current responses to a magnetic field gradient, revealing an essential spin-charge coupling feature in quantum transport. We find that the Drude weights $D_{nm}$, $D_{mm}$, and $D_{me}$ across the $\mu\text{-}H$ plane remarkably map out the zero-temperature phase boundary. This work fills a critical gap in the understanding of transport within integrable quantum gases and furnishes a direct theoretical foundation for future ultracold-atom experiments.