Metasurface biosensing: from spatiotemporal precision to in situ and multi-dimensional insight

Abstract

. Metasurface biosensors are emerging as a powerful platform for label-free, highly sensitive biological detection. By enabling precise control of electromagnetic fields within compact devices, metasurfaces offer new opportunities for biosensing with enhanced performance and functionality. This review summarizes recent advances in metasurface-based biosensors and their applications in practical biological and biomedical settings. We first outline the fundamental sensor design strategies based on local electromagnetic field enhancement and phase engineering. We then highlight advances in time-and spatially resolved biosensing, multidimensional sensing, and in situ and portable monitoring, emphasizing their significance for biological research, real-world deployment, and system-level integration. Finally, we discuss future directions for the field, including the use of artificial intelligence, increased interdisciplinary collaboration, and the development of simpler, more integrated sensing systems.