Operational Optimization of Park-and-Ride EV Charging Stations with Day-Night Multi-Class Minimum Charging Guarantees

Abstract

In recent years, the rapid increase in electric vehicles (EVs) has highlighted the need for cleaner and more reliable charging infrastructure. This study investigates the optimal operation of a Park-and-Ride (P&R) EV charging station equipped with photovoltaic (PV) and battery energy storage system (BESS). A model predictive control (MPC) based scheduling model is used to minimize annual operating cost while satisfying class-dependent minimum state of charge (SOC) requirements. Time-varying CO2 emission factors derived from utility generation mixes are incorporated to reduce environmental impact. An exhaustive search of PV and BESS unit combinations is conducted, and representative cases are discussed through annual simulations. The results reveal a trade-off between profitability and CO2 reduction, as well as increased BESS degradation when PV and BESS capacity imbalance is large.