Melamine in Aquafeed: Tracing the Path from Fish to Human Health

Abstract

The growing global population, expected to reach 9.7 billion by 2050, raises concerns about aquafeed adulteration, particularly the use of melamine (MEL) to falsely increase protein content. Melamine contamination in animal feed threatens both human and aquatic species, causing kidney damage, toxicity, and health issues like bladder cancer and reproductive toxicity. Detection methods range from instrumental analyses (GC-MS, HPLC) to advanced techniques (SERS, ELISA). Melamine exposure, linked to carcinogenic effects in animals, is regulated with a tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 0.63 mg kg-1. Preventing melamine adulteration through sustainable feed ingredients and cost-effective detection methods is vital for aquaculture safety and sustainability. The present review provides insights of Melamine adulteration in the aqua feed.