A Comprehensive Review on Acute Myelogeneous Leukemia

Abstract

Neoplastic myeloid diseases are clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by abnormal proliferation, impaired differentiation, and accumulation of myeloid cells, resulting in disrupted normal hematopoiesis. Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML) is the most aggressive of these disorders and predominantly affects older adults, although it may occur at any age. Its development is driven by genetic and epigenetic alterations, environmental exposures, previous cytotoxic therapy, and antecedent hematologic diseases. Patients typically present with manifestations of bone marrow failure, including anemia, infections, bleeding, and constitutional symptoms. Diagnosis relies on complete blood count, peripheral blood smear, bone marrow examination, immunophenotyping, cytogenetic analysis, and molecular testing for prognostic mutations. Prognosis depends on age, cytogenetic and molecular risk profiles, treatment response, and measurable residual disease status. Management combines supportive care, intensive or low-intensity chemotherapy, targeted therapies, and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, with individualized treatment strategies improving survival and long-term outcomes.