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Showing versus Doing: Teaching by Demonstration

Mark K. Ho Michael L. Littman James MacGlashan Fiery Cushman Joseph L. Austerweil
Oct 2026
Artificial Intelligence Machine Learning Human-computer Interaction

Abstract

People often learn from others' demonstrations, and inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) techniques have realized this capacity in machines. In contrast, teaching by demonstration has been less well studied computationally. Here, we develop a Bayesian model for teaching by demonstration. Stark differences arise when demonstrators are intentionally teaching (i.e. showing) a task versus simply performing (i.e. doing) a task. In two experiments, we show that human participants modify their teaching behavior consistent with the predictions of our model. Further, we show that even standard IRL algorithms benefit when learning from showing versus doing.

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