CoCA: Criterion-Aware Credit Assignment for Rubric-Based Reinforcement Learning

Abstract

Rubric-based reinforcement learning (RL) evaluates responses against explicit criteria to construct rewards, offering a viable way to train large language models on open-ended tasks. However, standard methods compress criterion-level feedback into scalar rewards and assign uniform token advantages, leaving structured rubric supervision underutilized. Recent work seeks finer-grained guidance by treating rubrics as privileged information to derive self-distillation targets, but the resulting learning signal is not grounded in criterion outcomes and can lead to reward degradation. This motivates us to reframe the problem as criterion-aware credit assignment, where privileged rubric information serves as a relevance cue for credit allocation rather than a source of imitation targets. Accordingly, we propose CoCA, which derives criterion-level credits from group-relative outcomes and allocates them across tokens based on criterion-induced distribution shifts, yielding both outcome-grounded and fine-grained learning signals. Empirically, CoCA achieves an average gain of +4.2% over standard rubric-based RL across medicine and science benchmarks, demonstrating more effective learning on open-ended tasks.