TL;DR
An innovative EDSP-QCH (Energy-efficient Dynamic Sub-Station Placement and reward-based Q-Learning reinforcement model for Cluster Head selection) strategy is proposed, which indicates significant improvements in energy efficiency and network robustness.
The results indicate that E2CMR improves energy efficiency, network stability, and routing performance and is applicable for large-scale energy-constrained WSNs.
WSNs continue to struggle with the issue of energy usage, network lifetime, and dependable data transfer, especially in heterogeneous networks where nodes have diverse computational and energy resources. The classical clustering algorithms are usually characterized by uneven distribution of cluster-heads, inefficient r...
A Hotspot-Aware Load-Balanced Clustering and Routing Protocol (HALBCRP) to improve energy utilization and mitigate hotspot formation in WSNs and significantly extends network lifetime compared with existing approaches.
The core research goal of this paper is to optimize dynamic routing protocols to improve the performance of the classic LEACH protocol in heterogeneous WSNs through a real-time adaptive scheme, which relies on two core methods: a cluster head selection mechanism based on the residual energy criterion, and a priority ho...
ThGCDTR-RP is proposed, an energy-efficient clustering and routing protocol that integrates Grey Wolf Optimizer, Cheetah Optimizer, and Differential Evolution for cluster-head (CH) selection that consistently outperforms LEACH, LPSO, LGWO, WOA-P, and LACO.
A novel cluster-based routing protocol that integrates a Fungal Growth Optimizer for adaptive cluster head (CH) selection and a Graph Neural Network for inter-cluster routing, which demonstrates FGOGNN’s potential for deployment in real-time WSN applications, where energy efficiency and dynamic adaptability are paramou...
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