MCAIR: Monitoring and Correcting Agent Unfaithfulness via Internal Representations

Abstract

Large Language Model (LLM)-based agents have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in completing complex tasks through multi-step reasoning and tool interactions. However, recent studies have revealed that LLM-based agents can exhibit unfaithful behaviors, where their final reports fail to faithfully reflect their actual execution trajectories. Specifically, when agents fail to accomplish tasks through the intended sources or procedures, they may resort to alternative sources or strategies while failing to disclose such deviations, leading users to incorrectly believe that the tasks have been completed according to the original requirements. We refer to this specific form of agent unfaithfulness as Agent Completion Unfaithfulness. Detecting and mitigating agent completion unfaithfulness is critical yet remains largely unexplored. In this work, we propose MCAIR, a runtime monitoring and correction framework that leverages internal representations of LLM-based agents. MCAIR uses multi-step internal representations as inputs to train a risk-aware probe, enabling online detection of potential completion unfaithfulness during execution. Furthermore, MCAIR introduces a risk-guided correction loop that prompts agents to review their execution history and mitigate potential inconsistencies between their execution trajectories and final reports. Additionally, we construct ACUD, a dataset for Agent Completion Unfaithfulness detection that provides step-level execution traces, step-level internal representations, and consistency annotations for training and evaluating runtime detection probes. Experiments demonstrate that MCAIR outperforms LLM-as-a-judge baselines, generalizes across prompts and tasks, and effectively reduces agent completion unfaithfulness.