Gut Microbiota in Athletes: Implications for Physical Performance and Recovery

Abstract

The gut microbiota represents a potentially important component of athletic adaptation, functioning as a specialized metabolic organ that interacts with host physiology through the gut-muscle axis. This review aims to analyze the role of the gut microbiota in modulating physical performance and post-exercise recovery in athletes, with particular emphasis on microbial metabolites and diet-dependent mechanisms. A narrative literature review was conducted based on studies indexed in PubMed and Scopus (2013–2026). The analysis included experimental, clinical and animal studies focusing on gut microbiota composition, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), exercise physiology and sports nutrition. The unique microbial ecosystem of athletes may contribute to physical performance through the production of SCFAs, such as acetate and propionate, which can influence skeletal muscle metabolism via AMPK and GLUT4 signalling pathways. Animal studies suggest that intestinal microbes are important for maintaining skeletal muscle mass, neuromuscular integrity and exercise capacity. Additionally, the gut microbiota may contribute to post-exercise recovery by enhancing intestinal barrier function, modulating immune responses and reducing oxidative stress and systemic inflammation. These effects are strongly influenced by dietary composition, particularly the balance between protein and fibre intake, which determines microbial homeostasis and metabolite production. Current evidence supports an association between gut microbiota, exercise performance and recovery, although direct causal evidence in athletes remains limited. Its modulation through targeted nutritional strategies and gut-training protocols represents a promising direction for personalized sports nutrition in competitive athletes.