Phytochemical and Therapeutic Potential of Tridax procumbens: A Review

Abstract

Tridax procumbens is a low-growing perennial herb widely occurring in tropical and subtropical climates and extensively used in folk medicine. Though commonly viewed as an invasive weed, there are many valid uses for this plant based on the increasing body of experimental data. The objective of this article is to provide a detailed review of the botanical features, geographic distribution, chemical structure and pharmacology of T. procumbens. Chemical studies have demonstrated a number of different classes of bioactive compounds, including terpenoids, sterols, glycosides, phenolic acids, flavonoids and fatty acids, which, together with their respective mechanisms of action, demonstrate the therapeutic potential of this plant. Pharmacological evaluation using validated in vitro and in vivo models demonstrates the following activities of T. procumbens: wound healing, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, hypoglycemic, hypocholesterolemic, immunomodulatory, uricosuria, hepatic protection, arthritis prevention and cardiovascular protection. The plant has also been demonstrated to inhibit several major enzymes (cyclooxygenase and xanthine oxidase) that could be beneficial in managing both inflammatory disorders and metabolic conditions. In addition, advancements in formulation technologies (such as phytosomal formulations, nano-herbal formulations, and polymer-based composite formulations) have provided enhanced bioavailability, enhanced thermostability and enhanced therapeutic efficacy of T. procumbens extracts, especially in topical and antimicrobial applications. The global distribution, adaptability, and multifunctional pharmacologic activity of T. procumbens provide evidence of the plant’s potential as a valuable source of novel drugs and/or drug leads. Further studies to elucidate mechanisms of action, standardise extraction methods, assess toxicity and evaluate effectiveness through clinical trials will help ensure the successful transition of T. procumbens from an experimental compound to a clinically proven therapeutic agent. Major Findings: Tridax procumbens demonstrates anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective and cardiovascular activities in experimental models.