The Influence of the Digital Divide on External Political Efficacy: An Empirical Study from Khon Kaen, Thailand

Abstract

Digital inequalities pose a threat to democratic participation, especially at the local level where citizen–government interactions are most direct. This study examines how multidimensional digital inequalities influence external political efficacy— citizens’ perceptions of government responsiveness in Khon Kaen Municipality, Thailand. Moving beyond basic access, the study employs a three-level digital divide framework (access, usage, and benefits) and analyzes survey data from 399 respondents using multiple regression. Results show that both digital access and usage significantly enhance external political efficacy, while perceived benefits of digital engagement, though positive, are not statistically significant. Sociodemographic factors such as age, occupation, and political ideology also influence efficacy perceptions. These findings suggest that addressing digital inequality requires more than expanding infrastructure; it demands inclusive digital policies that foster meaningful engagement, build trust in institutions, and enhance democratic governance at the grassroots level.