Internet of Things: Embedded Technologies, Smart Applications, and Future Directions
Abstract
The Internet of Things (IoT) connects physical objects through sensors, embedded processors, and communication interfaces. These devices can collect and share data, helping systems respond automatically to changing conditions. This review offers a structured overview of IoT’s development, enabling technologies, practical applications, and the challenges that affect reliable deployment. It draws primarily on a review article by Yalli, Hasan, and Badawi, which explores IoT’s evolution and its connections to wireless sensor networks, cloud and edge computing, artificial intelligence, machine learning, and blockchain. The paper follows the flow of a typical IoT system, from sensing and communication to data processing and action. It discusses applications in smart homes, healthcare, agriculture, transportation, education, and energy management, as well as practical challenges such as limited device resources, network delays, compatibility between systems, privacy, cybersecurity, and maintenance.
