A Contemporary Scientific Review on the Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Pharmacognosy of Crocus sativus

Abstract

Crocus sativus (C. sativus), commonly known as saffron, has been valued for its therapeutic properties since ancient times. Crocus sativus (saffron crocus) is a prized perennial flowering plant in the Iridaceae family. It is cultivated worldwide for its crimson red stigmas, which are meticulously hand-harvested and dried to produce saffron. The present review aims to systematically compile and critically analyze the available molecular and scientific evidence on C. sativus, focusing on its phytochemical constituents, pharmacological activities, and pharmacognostic properties. Relevant literature was retrieved from electronic databases including Google Scholar, PubMed, and other accessible scientific sources. Saffron has long been employed as an antianginal agent. Moreover, extensive research has highlighted its pharmacological potential in managing obesity and various gastrointestinal disorders. In TCM, saffron has been widely used as an antianginal agent and is increasingly being explored for its therapeutic potential in managing obesity and gastrointestinal disorders. Phytochemical investigations reveal that saffron contains bioactive compounds such as crocin, crocetin, safranal, and picrocrocin, which contribute to its diverse pharmacological effects. Crocin, a water-soluble carotenoid pigment, is primarily responsible for the characteristic color of saffron, and its biosynthesis involves the enzyme carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase. Saffron is considered the most expensive spice globally, as approximately 180,000 flowers are required to produce 1 kilogram of dried stigmas. Overall, C. sativus exhibits a wide range of pharmacological activities, supporting its traditional use and highlighting its potential as a promising natural therapeutic agent for various diseases.