Towards an AI-augmented, human-centred smart digital ecosystem in occupational health and safety

Abstract

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is reshaping occupational health and safety (OHS), shifting prevention models, risk assessment, and organisational processes. While traditional safety systems rely on reactive approaches and post‑event analyses, AI enables predictive, adaptive, and data‑driven prevention based on continuous monitoring and machine learning. The integration of sensor technologies, computer vision, and intelligent personal protective equipment supports early detection of biomechanical risks, fatigue, unsafe behaviours, and environmental hazards. Furthermore, AI enhances the structuring and linkage of occupational electronic health records, integrating biometric, behavioural, and environmental information while ensuring compliance with privacy‑by‑design principles through advanced Privacy Enhancing Technologies. A human‑centred digital ecosystem is proposed, founded on three pillars - technical‑predictive, organisational‑decision‑making, and ethical‑social - to ensure transparency, fairness, and sustainability in AI adoption. The role of occupational physicians is reassessed considering emerging digital competencies and ethical requirements, emphasising that AI should augment, rather than replace, professional expertise. A successful digital transition requires continuous dialogue among stakeholders, updated ethical frameworks, and robust interdisciplinary cooperation to place human health, dignity, and rights at the core of technological innovation.