Clinical Efficacy of Ceftazidime/Avibactam for Treating Infections Caused by Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract

Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) infections are challenging to treat owing to high-level resistance, limited therapeutic options, and inconsistent treatment duration. Ceftazidime-avibactam (CAZ-AVI) has emerged as a promising option for carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales infections, but comparative evidence specific to CRKP remains limited. This meta-analysis evaluated clinical cure, microbiological cure, and mortality associated with CAZ-AVI versus other antimicrobial regimens for CRKP infections. PubMed was searched for English-language human studies published during the past five years using the terms “Ceftazidime/Avibactam” and “carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae.” Of the 206 eligible human records screened, seven observational comparative studies comprising 988 patients were included: 415 patients received CAZ-AVI-containing regimens, and 573 received comparator regimens. Given the heterogeneity among studies, pooled odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using a random-effects (DerSimonian–Laird) model, with heterogeneity quantified by the I2 statistic. CAZ-AVI was associated with higher clinical cure rates (64.9% vs. 42.2%; OR 2.98, 95% CI 1.90–4.67, p < 0.0001; I2 = 21%), higher microbiological cure rates (70.4% vs. 41.2%; OR 3.77, 95% CI 1.67–8.53, p = 0.001; I2 = 69%, attenuating to OR 5.18, 95% CI 2.61–10.27, I2 = 41% after excluding one outlying study in a sensitivity analysis), and lower mortality (26.8% vs. 43.9%; OR 0.40, 95% CI 0.27–0.61, p < 0.0001; I2 = 19%). Because all included studies were non-randomized with heterogeneous comparators, these findings support—but do not establish—a benefit of CAZ-AVI for CRKP infections; randomized studies are warranted to confirm these results and inform antimicrobial stewardship.