Beyond Compensation: Hyperinsulinemia as an Early Driver of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome.

Cardiovascular–Kidney–Metabolic Syndrome and Its Hepatic Dimension: A Narrative Review

Metabolic syndrome came to the attention of the scientific community several decades ago, and its definition has undergone multiple changes over time. It is currently defined by the coexistence of hypertension, central obesity, dyslipidemia, and impaired glucose metabolism, with insulin resistance, chronic inflammation...

Obesity and Cardio-Metabolic Health in Kidney Disease: Implications for Kidney Health, Risk Stratification, and Management.

Obesity is a major risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD), which contributes to a complex interplay of metabolic, inflammatory, and hemodynamic disturbances that accelerate kidney function decline and heighten cardiovascular risk. Obesity contributes to kidney injury through direct mechanisms, including glomerula...

Targeting the aldosterone-mineralocorticoid receptor pathway in cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome.

The Heart–Kidney Axis in Heart Failure and Chronic Kidney Disease: Mechanisms, Mediators, and Therapeutic Implications

The heart–kidney axis has emerged as a central framework for understanding the bidirectional interactions that drive cardiorenal syndrome and broader cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic (CKM) disease. However, existing interpretations have often emphasized hemodynamic and neurohormonal mechanisms without fully integrating...

Obesity and chronic kidney disease: a cardio-kidney-metabolic framework for renal vulnerability and risk stratification.

A conceptual framework comprising four overlapping CKM-related kidney vulnerability domains is proposed, which may help identify individuals at increased CKD risk, support earlier screening and longitudinal monitoring, and inform preventive strategies.

Integrating the liver into the cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome: pathophysiology and therapeutic implications.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review examines the mechanistic, epidemiological and therapeutic evidence underpinning liver integration into the cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) construct. For the purposes of this review, we use the term cardiovascular-renal-hepatic-metabolic (CRHM) syndrome to denote this expanded framew...