Transatlantic Relations After Brexit: Continuity, Change, and Uncertainty

Abstract

The United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the European Union marked a watershed moment in contemporary European politics, with significant implications for the transatlantic relations framework. This paper examines how Brexit has reshaped the political, economic, and security dynamics linking the United Kingdom, the European Union, and the United States. While the transatlantic partnership remains anchored in shared democratic values, institutionalised security cooperation, and deep economic interdependence, Brexit has introduced new layers of complexity and strategic recalibration. The paper examines three primary dimensions: the continuity of defence and intelligence collaboration, especially within frameworks such as NATO; alterations in trade negotiations, regulatory harmonisation, and diplomatic coordination; and the ambiguity surrounding the future of the ‘special relationship’ between London and Washington. It also evaluates the impact of Brexit on the EU's quest for strategic autonomy and examines the UK's positioning as a ‘Global Britain’ seeking renewed significance in the transatlantic and Indo-Pacific arenas. By analysing policy developments, trade patterns, and diplomatic discourse since 2020, the paper argues that Brexit has not dismantled transatlantic ties but has instead transformed them into a more fluid, multi-layered configuration. The transatlantic space is thus characterised by institutional resilience alongside geopolitical ambiguity. Ultimately, the future trajectory of transatlantic relations will depend on evolving global power dynamics, domestic political shifts, and Western allies' capacity to reconcile sovereignty with collective action. Keywords: Brexit, Nato, Trade Policy, Security Cooperation, Strategic Autonomy