SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF TOURISM LOCATION DEVELOPMENT IN PONTIANAK CITY; GIS-BASED INSIGHTS FOR SUSTAINABLE TOURISM

Abstract

Pontianak City has developed as an urban tourism destination with diverse cultural, natural, and man-made attractions. However, the spatial relationship among these attractions has not been sufficiently examined to support integrated tourism planning. This study aims to analyze the spatial distribution and concentration of tourist destinations in Pontianak City using Geographic Information System (GIS)-based analysis. A quantitative spatial approach was employed using data from 20 tourist destinations identified in local tourism planning documents. Average Nearest Neighbor (ANN) analysis and Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) were applied to examine distribution patterns and spatial concentrations. The ANN analysis produced a nearest-neighbor ratio of 1.199, a z-score of 1.867, and a p-value of 0.0619. Although the ratio indicates a tendency toward a dispersed pattern, the result is not statistically significant at the 0.05 level and should therefore be interpreted as broadly consistent with a random spatial pattern with a tendency toward dispersion. KDE analysis identifies the strongest concentration of tourist attractions in the central urban area and along the Kapuas River, particularly for cultural and heritage attractions. Theoretically, the study demonstrates the complementary value of ANN and KDE for interpreting tourism distribution at city scale. Practically, the findings provide a spatial basis for strengthening connectivity among tourism sites, prioritizing infrastructure around established tourism concentrations, and improving access to destinations outside the central tourism corridor.