Three-dimensional modelling of a historic townhouse at the Market Square in Przemyśl (Rynek 11) using terrestrial laser scanning and photogrammetry

Abstract

This paper presents the development of a three-dimensional model of a historic townhouse located at the Market Square (Rynek 11) in Przemyśl using data acquired by terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and terrestrial and aerial photogrammetry. The study aimed to assess the usefulness of an integrated measurement approach for preparing detailed architectural documentation of a heritage building and to evaluate the quality of the final products, including the point cloud, mesh model, vector 3D model, and orthophotos. The methodology entailed field surveying, multi-station registration, georeferencing in the PL-2000 coordinate system, data filtering and cleaning, and subsequent processing in specialised software. The integrated workflow combined the geometric precision of TLS with the visual richness of image-based modelling. The results demonstrated that the adopted approach enabled the acquisition of highly detailed and metrically reliable documentation of the object. The final point cloud consisted of 1.617 billion points, while the mean registration error remained below 1 mm. The generated mesh model and vector model showed high geometric consistency with the source data, and the orthophotos made it possible to identify architectural details, material features, cracks, losses, and traces of previous repairs. The study confirms that the integration of TLS and photogrammetry provides an effective basis for digital documentation of historic buildings and that it may support conservation, restoration planning, archiving, and further design work.