Phase-Aware TAS Scheduling for Minimizing TDD-Induced Worst-Case End-to-End Delay in 5G–TSN Integrated Networks

Abstract

The integration of Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) and 5G is essential for deterministic industrial communication over mixed wired–wireless networks. In 3GPP TSN–5G integration, the 5G System (5GS) is modeled as a logical TSN bridge for Time-Aware Shaper (TAS) scheduling. However, Time Division Duplex (TDD) operation in 5GS introduces the transmission waiting time, and conventional bridge-delay-based scheduling must rely on conservative worst-case assumptions.In this paper, we analyze the periodic structure of TDD-induced waiting time and show that its worst-case value is determined by the TDD pattern, TSN flow period, and their phase offset. Based on this insight, we propose a phase-aware TAS scheduling method that derives a mapping between phase offsets and worst-case waiting times and incorporates it into E2E TAS scheduling. Simulations under multiple TSN flow periods and TDD patterns show that the proposed method consistently reduces worst-case waiting time compared with the conventional approach. Multiple flow evaluations also show that multiple TSN flows can be scheduled while satisfying E2E delay constraints under the evaluated configuration. This enables more flexible deployment of time-critical industrial IoT applications, including mobile robot control, motion control, and factory automation over mixed wired–wireless networks.