PHLEGMONS OF THE MAXILLOFACIAL REGION AND NECK: PATHOGENESIS, CLINICAL FEATURES, AND TREATMENT STRATEGY (LITERATURE REVIEW)

Abstract

This review summarizes current data on the prevalence, clinical course, diagnosis, and treatment of deep neck infections. It emphasizes that these pathological processes remain among the most challenging problems in surgical practice due to their rapid progression, tendency toward dissemination, and high risk of life-threatening complications. The review discusses etiological factors (tonsillogenic, odontogenic, and lymphogenic sources), pathogenetic mechanisms of infection spread through the fascial spaces, and clinical characteristics of lesions in various anatomical areas (parapharyngeal, retropharyngeal, submental, and others). Special attention is given to modern imaging methods, including contrast-enhanced computed tomography, and to rational antimicrobial therapy based on the polymicrobial nature of infection and local antibiotic resistance. The importance of early surgical drainage and airway management for the prevention of complications and mortality is highlighted.