Clinical evaluation of the treatment and prevention of periodontal diseases in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus

Abstract

Aim: to provide a clinical and pathogenetic rationale for therapeutic and preventive interventions in patients with periodontal diseases and type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Materials and methods. A randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted in parallel groups, involving 28 participants (mean age: 26.7 ± 4.6 years) diagnosed with stage I–III periodontitis and T1DM as a concomitant condition. Patients underwent general physical (including measurement of glycated hemoglobin), dental, periodontal (hygiene index, gingivitis index, periodontal pocket depth, and clinical attachment loss), and radiographic examinations. Diagnosis, principles of non-surgical periodontal treatment, and evaluation of treatment outcomes were conducted in accordance with the recommendations of the European Federation of Periodontists. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using the R-3.6.3 programming language for Windows (GNU General Public License). Results. Non-surgical periodontal treatment did not significantly alter glycemic control in either group. Both groups showed significant improvement in periodontal indices. At 12 months, “Periodontal disease stability” was achieved in 100 % of patients in Group I receiving medications with antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, analgesic, and astringent properties. In contrast, in the control group (Group II), periodontal stability was observed in only 21.4 % of patients, “Periodontal disease remission/control” in 42.9 %, and periodontitis progression in 35.7 % of patients. Conclusions. The proposed therapeutic and preventive measures had a positive effect on periodontal health in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus, significantly reducing inflammatory processes, controlling dental biofilm accumulation, and stabilizing periodontitis.