CFD Investigation of the Effect of Jet-Surface Distance on Thermal Performance in Inclined Jet Impingement Cooling

Abstract

This study numerically investigates the influence of geometric parameters on heat transfer in inclined jet impingement cooling. Twenty configurations were analyzed for H/D ratios of 3–6 and jet inclination angles of 0°–60° at Re = 15,000. Two-dimensional steady turbulent simulations were performed using the SST k–ω model within a CFD framework. Results show that both the H/D ratio and inclination angle significantly affect thermal performance. The average Nusselt number increased from 4.09–4.49 at H/D = 3 to 5.05–6.83 at H/D = 6. The heat transfer coefficient rose from 19.82 W/m²K at H/D = 3 and 0° to 33.08 W/m²K at H/D = 6 and 60°. Enhanced turbulence and flow mixing improved heat transfer. The most favorable thermal performance among the investigated cases was observed at H/D = 5–6 and inclination angles of 45°–60°, providing useful guidance for the geometric optimization of inclined jet impingement cooling systems.