Ms Climate change impacts on indigenous mountain communities in northern Pakistan: Voices and policy pathways

Abstract

Mountain regions are among the most climate-sensitive environments in the world, and Pakistan's Hindu Kush Himalaya communities face accelerating glacial retreat, erratic precipitation, and water insecurity. This study examines the multidimensional impacts of climate change on indigenous mountain communities in Kalam, Naltar, Madyan, Kashmir, Besham, and Nagar, drawing on 65 semi-structured field interviews and 124 online surveys with farmers, elders, youth, shopkeepers, and teachers. Findings show that communities have developed a range of adaptive innovations, including high-altitude crop transitions, community-led reforestation, slope stabilization, seasonal migration, and traditional seed revival. However, these efforts are constrained by limited institutional support, weak infrastructure, inadequate early-warning systems, and insufficient climate education, all of which undermine long-term resilience. The disruption of generational ecological knowledge further threatens both livelihoods and cultural continuity. The study concludes with policy recommendations centered on elevating indigenous knowledge, strengthening localized climate governance, and embedding sustainability within education systems. By positioning indigenous communities as co-creators of climate solutions, this research contributes to broader discussions on inclusive adaptation and climate justice in vulnerable mountain regions.