Comparative life cycle cost analysis of transformer insulating fluids considering technical performance impacts

Abstract

Power transformers are essential components in electrical power systems, regulating voltage levels and ensuring efficient energy delivery. Although mineral oil has traditionally been used as an insulating and cooling fluid, growing concerns about its flammability and environmental impacts have encouraged the adoption of more sustainable alternatives. Natural and synthetic esters, produced from renewable sources, provide advantages such as higher fire points, superior biodegradability, and improved dielectric behavior. This study presents a comparative life cycle cost (LCC) analysis of mineral oil, natural ester, and synthetic ester insulating fluids for power transformers, considering the technical performance of each fluid type to support sustainable transformer applications in Indonesia. The research approach includes a review of international standards and previous studies to establish the technical basis regarding dielectric properties, breakdown strength, moisture tolerance, oxidation stability, and effects on solid insulation. These technical characteristics are used to assess their implications for maintenance requirements, insulation aging, and long-term transformer operation. Furthermore, an LCC analysis is conducted to evaluate the economic performance of each insulating fluid over the transformer service life. Integrating technical considerations into the LCC assessment provides a more comprehensive understanding of long-term cost effectiveness and offers useful guidance for transformer planning, management, and investment decisions.