Opportunistic Coccidiosis in Brazil: Diagnostic Challenges and Epidemiological Gaps in Immunosuppressed Groups

Abstract

Opportunistic infections caused by the protozoa Cryptosporidium spp. and Cystoisospora belli represent a challenge for public health, particularly in immunocompromised patients. In Brazil, a country with continental dimensions and socioeconomic diversity, the epidemiology of these intestinal coccidioses is complex and often underestimated. This review article aims to consolidate current knowledge on Cryptosporidium and Cystoisospora infections in immunocompromised individuals within the Brazilian context, addressing clinical manifestations, epidemiology, risk factors, diagnostic methods, treatment options, prevention and control strategies, and challenges related to underreporting. A thorough understanding of these aspects is crucial for improving health policies, optimizing clinical management, and reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with these parasitic diseases.