Gastrointestinal Endoparasites in Captive Exotic Psittacines Birds: Prevalence and Associated Factors in Two Conservation in East Java, Indonesia
Abstract
Gastrointestinal endoparasites infections in captive exotic psittacine birds (Psittaciformes) represent a significant health concern affecting avian well-being in managed environments. This study aimed to identify the parasitic species involved, determine the prevalence of infection, and analyze factors associated with gastrointestinal endoparasite infection, including husbandry management practices and environmental conditions, in conservation centers in Prigen and Batu, Indonesia Sampling was conducted over a six-month period using two approaches: direct collection of fresh fecal samples from group enclosures, with the number of samples corresponding to the number of birds housed in each enclosure, and individual fecal sampling using observation cages. Parasitological examinations included both qualitative and quantitative methods, native smear, flotation, and McMaster chamber techniques, to assess infection presence and intensity. Morphological identification of parasites was performed with the aid of ImageJ® software. Statistical analyses were conducted using Chi-square tests, Odds Ratio (OR), and Relative Risk (RR) analyses to assess the association between risk factors and infection incidence. The results showed a gastrointestinal endoparasite infection prevalence of 48/160 (30%). Identified parasite species included Capillaria sp. (17.5%), Heterakis sp. (4.4%), Ascaridia sp. (1.9%), non-sporulated Coccidia (1.3%), and Strongyloides sp. (0.6%), representing single infections, with mixed infections observed in seven sample (4.4%). A statistically significant association (P < 0.05) was found between infection occurrence and cage type, with an OR of 2.6 and RR of 2.0, indicating a higher infection risk associated with certain cage designs. Conversely, no significant associations (P > 0.05) were observed between infection rates and either diet type or altitude.