Can the Parts Fool the Test? Counterfactual Pairing Cycles for Relational OOD

Abstract

Relational out-of-distribution errors are easy to describe and hard to evaluate cleanly. An image may be natural, a caption may be fluent, and all mentioned objects may be common, yet the caption may describe the wrong relation in the image. Many evaluations intended to test this behavior can be solved without checking the pairing at all, because negatives differ in caption style, template, length, object frequency, or image statistics. We propose counterfactual pairing cycles, a blocked evaluation primitive that reuses the same two images and the same two captions on both sides of the comparison, changing only which image is paired with which caption. This makes image-only, text-only, and additive component shortcuts cancel exactly in finite samples. The same contrast also gives a training loss for relational outlier exposure and a diagnostic for bilinear vision-language scores. Across synthetic controls, GQA, and COCO, cycles separate coarse image-caption matching from directional role-binding failures, while also identifying geometric size relations that remain strongly visible in global features. In a shortcut-contaminated COCO outlier-exposure stress test, a model selected by a near-perfect shortcut validation AUROC retains substantial relational signal but remains below cycle training on exact cycles; cycle training improves CycleAcc from 0.882 to 0.927. The main lesson is simple: to test whether a model understands a pairing, the benchmark should keep the parts fixed, change the pairing, and ask only about coupling. The official implementation is available online.