Towards a data-driven circular economy in Africa; life cycle inventory insights from Ghana's concrete sector

Abstract

The usage of generic databases for environmental impact assessment does not respond to the uniqueness and peculiarities of certain regions. An array of reasons accounts for this including energy mix technology, manufacturing system boundaries, environmental policy frameworks and priorities. As a result, it is imperative for region-specific carbon database be developed. The aim of this study was to develop a local material carbon database of concrete for Ghana using the Life Cycle Assessment concept. Primary data on raw materials usage, transportation modes, manufacturing processes, energy consumption and volumes of production was collected from manufacturers and construction sites in the country using a questionnaire survey. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics to determine the embodied energy (EE) and embodied carbon emission factors of the materials. The study revealed that, the emissions of concrete increases with the increase in concrete grade specified due to the high cement content required. The transportation (importation) system was found to contribute over 90% to the EE of the materials. This pioneering study provides empirical data on key construction materials within the Ghanaian milieu. The study will significantly provide utility in advancing a data driven circular economy for countries across the West African region.