Diabetic Nephropathy is One of the Biggest Complications of Diabetes

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus and obesity are two of the most important metabolic disorders worldwide, and their prevalence has increased considerably over the past few decades. Obesity, particularly excess visceral adiposity, is a major modifiable risk factor for the development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). The relationship between the two conditions is complex and involves insulin resistance, chronic low-grade inflammation, altered adipokine secretion and abnormalities in lipid metabolism. At the same time, diabetes and some of its treatments may contribute to further weight gain, creating a vicious cycle. Management therefore requires an integrated approach focusing not only on glycaemic control but also on weight reduction and reduction of cardiovascular and metabolic risk. Recent advances in pharmacotherapy, particularly glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide/glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, have provided effective options for addressing both hyperglycaemia and obesity. Early recognition and comprehensive management of obesity in individuals with diabetes may improve long-term outcomes.