Clinical Reliability of Occlusal Assessment Techniques: From Articulating Paper to Digital Systems

Abstract

Occlusal assessment is a fundamental component of clinical dentistry, guiding restorative procedures, prosthodontic rehabilitation, and the overall functional evaluation of the masticatory system. Accurate identification of occlusal contacts and force distribution remains challenging due to the limitations of traditional diagnostic approaches. This literature-based review aims to compare the reliability, validity, and clinical usefulness of conventional occlusal assessment techniques with emerging digital systems. Conventional methods, including articulating paper and shimstock foil, remain widely used but are inherently subjective and operator-dependent, with limited ability to quantify occlusal force. In contrast, digital occlusal analysis systems offer improved visualization, reproducibility, and objective data acquisition; however, they still demonstrate limitations in accurately representing true occlusal force magnitude and clinical significance. Overall, current evidence suggests that while digital technologies enhance diagnostic precision, they should be considered adjunctive tools rather than replacements for conventional clinical assessment.