When LLMs Manipulate: Measuring Behavioral, Social, and Temporal Effects

Abstract

Large language models (LLMs) can influence user trust and decision-making through subtle linguistic cues, yet the behavioral effects of manipulative outputs remain poorly quantified. We introduce a behavioral computing framework for measuring \textit{behavioral vulnerability}, defined as users'susceptibility to manipulative AI responses. Building on DarkPatterns-LLM benchmark, we generate controlled manipulative stimuli using Manipulation Gradient Descent (MGD), targeting biases associated with authority, urgency, and social proof. We analyze participant responses using the Multi-Stakeholder Impact Assessment Network (MSIAN) to model cross-user influence and the Temporal Harm Propagation Model (THPM) to characterize the persistence of behavioral effects over time. In a study involving 120 participants, manipulative framing produced significant changes in trust calibration and compliance ($p<0.01$), with effects also propagating across social contexts. These findings highlight the need to extend LLM safety evaluation beyond model outputs to measurable behavioral consequences and provide a computational framework for quantifying individual, social, and temporal risks arising from manipulative AI interactions.