From Encoding to Generation: Towards Empathetic Large Language Models

Abstract

Empathetic interaction involves two distinguishable capacities: representing another person's emotional state (cognitive empathy) and generating an appropriate response to that state (affective empathy). We apply this distinction to examine how emotion-related information is internally organized, selectively attended to, and carried through response generation in Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct across 10 emotion categories from the EmpatheticDialogues dataset. Layer-wise linear probing revealed a broad middle-layer region of peak emotion-category decodability, with the layer-11 L2 probe achieving 63.6% held-out accuracy against a 10% chance level and a 54.6% TF-IDF lexical baseline. During response generation, emotion-related user tokens received 1.89 times as much attention per token as other utterance tokens, concentrated across layers 10-15. Target-emotion alignment then decreased from a mean cosine similarity of 0.239 for input representations to 0.125 for generated responses, with positive drift in 77% of examples and the largest shifts for angry and furious. Emotion-category representation, attention allocation, and response-level alignment therefore emerge as distinguishable components of model processing that can be analyzed through a functional cognitive-affective empathy framework. These findings provide a foundation for monitoring emotion representations during generation and leveraging models'existing affective structure to support more naturally empathetic responses without relying on external prompting or explicit emotion conditioning.