Nanobiosensors at the Frontier: A Comprehensive Review on the Design, Digital Integration, and Clinical Applications for Next‐Generation Precision Diagnostics

Abstract

Recent progress in nanotechnology and biosensing is driving the development of advanced diagnostic tools for precision medicine. This review provides a systematic summary and critical analysis of intelligent nanobiosensors, which integrate engineered nanomaterials with biological recognition components and advanced signal‐transduction mechanisms. Key design paradigms, classification frameworks, and the role of diverse nanomaterials (e.g., metallic, carbon‐based, magnetic, and hybrid structures) are discussed in detail. Furthermore, major transduction technologies, including electrochemical, optical, mechanical, thermal, and magnetic platforms, together with clinical translation pathways and integration with artificial intelligence (AI), edge computing, and mobile health technologies, are comprehensively reviewed. Particular emphasis is placed on clinical applications in infectious, oncological, cardiovascular, and neurological diseases, as well as therapeutic monitoring. Key challenges, including scalability, data security, and regulatory barriers, are also critically discussed. Finally, emerging trends such as federated learning, the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT), and personalized digital diagnostics are highlighted, providing perspectives on future directions in intelligent biosensing and precision healthcare.