Assessment of Determinants Influencing Fall Risk Among Geriatric Patients

Abstract

Objectives: Falls in geriatric populations may result in significant injury and subsequent functional decline, thereby diminishing overall quality of life. Therefore, accurate assessment of fall risk and comprehensive identification of contributing factors are of fundamental importance, particularly within geriatric populations. Methods: Geriatric patients admitted to the inpatient Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation unit were enrolled in the study. Data were collected on patients’ age, sex, height, weight, educational status, medications potentially associated with falls, and assistive devices used during ambulation. Cognitive function was evaluated using the Hodkinson Abbreviated Mental Test. All participants underwent assessment with the Functional Ambulation Category (FAC), the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), and the Falls Efficacy Scale (FES). Patients were additionally questioned regarding visual impairments; urinary symptoms; nutrition-related risk factors; psychological complaints; and environmental hazards in the home that might elevate fall risk. Observations were also made to identify risky behaviors during mobility and transfers. Participants were subsequently categorized into two groups based on their fall history, and differences in these variables were analyzed between the groups. Results: A total of 54 patients aged 65 years and older were included in the study. Patients were categorized into two groups: fallers and non-fallers. A significant difference in the female-to-male ratio was observed between the two groups (p=0.002). While no significant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of age, height, weight, cognitive status, FAC, or FES scores, the faller group demonstrated significantly lower BBS scores and a higher frequency of mobility-and transfer-related risky behaviors (p=0.013, p=0.012). Conclusion: This study found that fall risk in geriatric patients was significantly associated with reduced balance and risky behaviors during mobility and transfers. The results underscore the need for systematic fall-risk assessment, close supervision, and balance-focused interventions in inpatient rehabilitation to reduce falls and support prevention strategies after discharge.