Battery depletion analysis and optimization for smartphones based on continuous-time SOC dynamics and multi-physics field coupling

Abstract

With the continuous improvement in smartphone performance, reliable prediction of battery life in practical use has become increasingly challenging. To address this issue, this paper proposes a continuous-time model for smartphone battery depletion based on energy conservation, electro-thermal coupling, and equivalent circuit theory. A continuous-time state-of-charge (SOC) model incorporating power decomposition is established to examine the major factors affecting battery consumption. The analysis indicates that changes in SOC can be represented through continuous-time differential equations with separate power-consumption components. Analytic or numerical solutions for SOC are obtained under various scenarios. Sensitivity analysis further suggests that temperature variation and battery aging can substantially increase prediction errors under extreme operating conditions, whereas the model performs relatively stably under moderate workloads. The modeling results also provide practical implications for battery management and usage optimization. In addition, the NSGA-II multi-objective optimization algorithm is employed to obtain a Pareto front that balances battery endurance and user experience. The proposed model can also be adapted to incorporate more detailed battery mechanisms and applied to other portable devices powered by lithium-ion batteries, offering a useful basis for future battery-aware system studies.