MICROBIOLOGICAL FEATURES AND MECHANISMS OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE OF BIOFILM FORMATION IN BACTERIA OF CLINICAL ORIGIN

Abstract

The existence of bacteria within biofilms provides high resistance against environmental stress, host immune responses, and antimicrobial agents. In this study, the biofilm formation capacity, architectural organization, and resistance mechanisms of six major clinical pathogens (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii) were evaluated through comparative and systematic microbiological analyses. The findings indicate that 66.7% of the analyzed isolates are Gram-negative and 66.7% are facultative anaerobes, with 100% displaying colonization capabilities on medical device surfaces. Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), extracellular DNA (eDNA), outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), and quorum sensing systems play critical roles in recalcitrance and survival.