Low Uptake of Breast Cancer Screening Practices among Women of Reproductive Age in Okrika and Ogu/Bolo LGAs, Rivers State, Nigeria

Abstract

Background: Early detection through screening improves breast cancer outcomes, yet uptake remains low among rural Nigerian women. Little is known about screening practice among women of reproductive age in Okrika and Ogu/Bolo Local Government Areas (LGAs), Rivers State. Objective: To assess the practice of breast cancer screening among women of reproductive age in Okrika and Ogu/Bolo LGAs. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive survey was conducted from March to December 2025 at four public health facilities. Of 3,230 women registered, 356 were selected by proportional allocation and simple random sampling at infant and antenatal clinics (Taro Yamane formula). Data were collected with a validated, researcher-designed questionnaire (Cronbach's alpha = 0.87) using a 4-point Likert scale, with a criterion mean of 2.50. Data were analysed with SPSS version 25 using frequencies, percentages, means and standard deviations. Results: Of 356 questionnaires administered, 322 were retrieved and usable (response rate 90.4%). Most respondents had secondary education (37.9%), were self-employed (44.1%) and were married (46.3%). Screening practice was low (grand mean = 2.47). Fewer than half (45.0%) performed breast self-examination, and 57.8% agreed that regular self-examination was not done because of constraints. A total of 62.4% had never had a clinical breast examination. Only 27.3% reported repeat mammography and 27.6% any breast imaging. Conclusion: Breast cancer screening practice among women of reproductive age in Okrika and Ogu/Bolo LGAs is low, including the no-cost method of breast self-examination. Routine clinic contacts, community outreach, mobile screening and subsidised services should be used to improve uptake.